Optical Properties of Zinc Oxide Thin Films Using Two Dopant

Optical Properties of Zinc Oxide Thin Films Using Two Dopant G T Yusuf, MA Raimi, O.E Alaje  and AK Kazeem Abstract The undoped ZnO, Al doped ZnO and Mg doped ZnO films were deposited by a sol-gel spin coating method onto the glass substrates. 0.3M solution of zinc acetate dehydrates diluted in methanol and deionized water (3:1) was prepared. Equal quantity of Aluminum chloride and tin chloride were added to each solution to serve as dopants. The effect of Aluminum and Magnesium doping on the optical ZnO films was studied. The transparency properties of all thin films are more than 80 % at a visible wavelength of (300-800 nm). The optical band gap of pure ZnO thin film is 3.12ev while the band gap for Al-doped ZnO and Mg-doped films are 3.16eV and 3.26eV respectively. All film parameters changed with dopant types. The variation of optical band gap with doping is well described by Burstein–Moss effect. Keywords: Band gap; Doping; Films; Transmittance. Introduction In this Zinc oxide is an II-VI n-type semiconductor with band gap of approximately 3.3 eV at room temperature and a hexagonal wurtzite structure [1]. Recently, doped zinc oxide thin films have been widely studied for their application as conducting electrode materials in flat-panel displays or solar devices. Unlike the more commonly used indium tin oxide (ITO), zinc oxide is a non-toxic and inexpensive material [1]. Furthermore, pure zinc oxide films are highly transparent in the visible range (light wavelength of 400-700 nm) and have high electrical conductivity. However, non-stoichiometric or impurity (Group III elements or Group IV elements) doped zinc oxide films have electrical conductivities as well as high optical transparent. Non-stoichiometric zinc oxide films have unstable electrical properties at high temperature because the sheet resistance of ZnO thin films increases under either oxygen chemisorptions and desorption [9] or heat treatment in vacuum or in ambient oxygen pressure at 3000C-4000C [27]. Turning to impurity doped ZnO thin films, unlike non-stoichiometric ZnO thin films, impurity doped ZnO thin films possess stable electrical and optical properties. Among the zinc oxide films doped with group II elements such as barium, aluminum, gallium and indium, aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) thin films show the lowest electrical resistivity [11]. Aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) has a low resistivity of 2.4Ãâ€"10-4 ÃŽ © cm [11-13], which is quite similar to that of ITO films, which is about 1.2Ãâ€"10-4 ÃŽ © cm [14-16] and AZO also shows good optical transmission in the visible and near infrared (IR) regions. Thus, AZO films have been used as transparent conducting electrodes in solar cells [16, 8]. In addition to doping with Group III elements, doping ZnO with Group IV elements such as [9, 10] Ge, Sn, Ti, Si is also a good way to obtain low resistivity transparent materials in order to replace ITO because Ge, Ti, Zr could substitute on the Zn atom site. For example, Sn can serve as a doubly ionized donor with the incorporation of SnO2 as a solute in ZnO and, consequently, provide a high electron carrier concentration. It is, therefore, expected that the Sn doped ZnO (SZO) will have a higher electrical conductivity and better field emission properties compared with undoped ZnO [10]. A variety of techniques such as DC or RF magnetron sputtering [2], electron beam evaporation [19,20], pulsed laser deposition [21], spray pyrolysis [22,23], chemical vapor deposition [24] and sol–gel processing [25–34,5] have successfully been developed to prepare zinc oxide thin films. Among them, the sol–gel spin coating method is simpler and cost effective. Traditionally, AZO films prepared by this method follow the non-alkoxide route, using metal salts such as acetates, nitrates or chlorides as precursor and dopant, respectively. In addition, organic solvent, such as methanol [20,21], ethanol [16], isopropanol [14], methoxyethanol [11], ethyl glycol and glycerol [10] are widely employed by introducing monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA) or tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) as stabilizer [10,11,30]. Recently, few studies had reported on the growth of the ZnO thin films with different dopants using sol gel spin coating technique. Therefore, the aim of this research works however is to study the optical and electrical properties of zinc oxide thin films using different dopants with locally fabricated sol gel spin coating technique. Experimental The films have been deposited onto the glass substrates at 400  °C substrate temperature. 0.3M solution of zinc acetate dehydrates diluted in methanol and deionized water (3:1) were prepared and divided into three portions. Aluminum chloride and tin chloride were added to each solution as dopants. A few drops of acetic acid were added to improve the clarity of solution. The concentration of dopants (aluminum chloride AlCl3 ·6H2O, magnesium nitrate hexahydrate [Mg (NO3)2.6H2O and was 3% and kept constant for all experiments. The starting solutions were mixed thoroughly with magnetic stirrer and filtered by WHATMAN filter paper. The solutions were then spin coated on glass substrates which have been procleaned with detergent and then in methanol and acetone for 10min each using ELA 110277248E/2510E-MT ultrasonic cleaner and then cleaned with de ionized water and heated on hot plate for 600C. The coating solutions were dropped onto the glass substrate which was rotated at 4000rpm 45 each by using Ws- 400 Bz – 6NPP/AS spin coater. After depositing by spin coating, the films were then dried at 3000C for 15minutes in a furnace to evapourate the solvent and remove organic residuals. The optical and electrical properties of the films at each time were investigated. The films were then inserted into a tube furnace and annealed in air at 7500C for 1 hour each. The optical transmission and reflectance of the films were examined by spectrophotometer ranging from 400 to 1000nm. The transmittance T and reflectance R data was used to calculate absorption coefficients of the AZO films at different wavelengths. The relationship between transmittance T, reflectance R, absorption coefficient, ÃŽ ±, and thickness d of the film is given by equation (1). (1) The absorption coefficient data was used to determine energy band gap, Eg , using equation (2). (2) Where is the photon energy, A is a constant thus, a plot of against is a curve line whose intercept on the energy axis gives the energy gap. The band energy gap of the film was then determined by extrapolating the linear regions on the energy axis. The absorption coefficient,, associated with the strong absorption region of the film was calculated from absorbance A and the film thickness, t, using (3). (3) The extinction coefficient, k, was evaluated from (4) (4) Where the wavelength of the incident radiation and, t is, is the thickness of the film. The crystal phase of the films was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The refractive index of the films was determined from the maxima and minima of the reflectance curve. (5) Where n is the refractive index, d is the film thickness (nm), is the wavelength (nm) of the incident light, and k is the interference order (an odd integer for maxima and even integer for minima). Results The crystal structure of ZnO films was investigated through X-ray diffraction (XRD). The X-ray diffraction spectrum of ZnO, Al-ZnO and Mg-ZnO film annealed at 7500C with prominent reflection planes is shown in figure 1.The peaks in the XRD spectrum correspond to those of the ZnO patterns from the JCPDS data (Powder Diffraction File, Card no: 36-1451) having hexagonal wurtzite structure with lattice constants a=3.24982Ã…, c=5.20661Ã….The presence of prominent peaks shows that the film is polycrystalline in nature. The lattice constants ‘a’ and ‘c’ of the Wurtzite structure of the films were calculated using the relations (6) and (7). a= √à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å".ÃŽ »/sin ÃŽ ¸(6) c= ÃŽ »/sin ÃŽ ¸(7) Figure 2 shows the optical transmittance spectra of ZnO, Al-ZnO and Mg-ZnO thin films in the wavelength range between 300 to 800 nm. The transparency properties of all thin films are more than 80 % at a visible wavelength of (300-800 nm). It is observed that the transmittance varies with dopant types i.e. aluminum and magnesium. The overall spectra shows an emission band with two obvious peaks, where the first peak, the UV peak which also called the emission or near band edge emission contributed to the free exciton recombination [18]. The second broad peak, also known as the green emission corresponds to the recombination of a photon generated hole with an electron in singly ionized [18]. Figure 1: X-ray diffraction patterns for ZnO thin film for aluminum and magnesium dopants The optical absorbance spectrum measured within the wavelength range of 300–800 nm using a Shimadzu Spectrophotometer is shown in figure 3. Figure 2: Optical Transmittance of the films for aluminum and magnesium dopants Approximately, the band gap alteration of the thin film can be deduced from Figure 3. Here, it evidently shows that changes in the absorption edges are in parallel with types of dopant in the thin film. In order to appropriately estimate the optical band gap equation (2) was used. The presence of a single slope in the plot suggests that the films have direct and allowed transition. It is also well known that ZnO is a direct band-gap material [1] and the energy gap (Eg) can thus be estimated by assuming direct transition between conduction band and valance bands. Theory of optical absorption gives the relationship between the absorption coefficients ÃŽ ± and the photon energy hÃŽ ½ for direct allowed transition as shown in (2) The direct band gap determined using this equation when linear portion of the (ÃŽ ±hÃŽ ½)2 against hÃŽ ½ plot is extrapolated to intersect the energy axis at ÃŽ ± = 0. Plot of (ÃŽ ±hÃŽ ½)2 against hÃŽ ½ for undoped, Al-doped ZnO and Mg-doped films are shown in f igure 3. The optical band of pure ZnO is 3.12ev while the band gap for Al-doped ZnO and Mg-doped films are 3.16eV and 3.26eV respectively. The variation of optical band gap with doping is well described by Burstein–Moss effect [2-5]. For AZO films, compared to pure ZnO films, the contribution from Al3+ ions on substitution sites of Zn2+ ions and Al interstitial atoms determines the widening of the band gap caused by increase in carrier concentration. This is the well-known Burstein–Moss effect and is due to the Fermi level moving into the conduction band. Since doping increases the carrier concentration in the conduction band, the optical band-gap energy increases [2]. Enhancement of band gap thus also ensures that doping was successfully carried out in the ZnO thin films. It is further observed in our present work that an increase in band gap occurs in Mg- doped film as compared with ZnO and Al-ZnO thin films. The absorption properties of the films in UV range are due to the behaviour of ZnO intrinsic optical band gap energy. An absorption coefficient in the UV region significantly varies with types of dopant used. The result suggests improvement in the optical absorption in the UV region with nature of dopant, which provides useful information especially in the optoelectronic devices and device fabrication. . Figure 3: Plot of (ÃŽ ±hÃŽ ½)2 vs. photon energy (in eV) for aluminum and magnesium as dopants Conclusions Transparent conducting thin films (ZnO, Al-ZnO and Mg-ZnO) have been deposited by sol–gel spin coating technique. The optical properties of these films were systematically investigated. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that The peaks in the XRD spectrum correspond to those of the ZnO, Al-ZnO and Mg-ZnO structural patterns is that of hexagonal wurtzite structure with lattice constants a=3.24982Ã…, c=5.20661Ã…. The optical transmittance spectra in the wavelength range between 300 to 800 nm shows that all thin films are more than 80 % at a visible wavelength of (300-800 nm). It is observed that the transmittance varies with dopant types i.e. aluminum and magnesium. The optical band of pure ZnO is 3.12ev while the band gap for Al-doped ZnO and Mg-doped films are 3.16eV and 3.26eV respectively. The variation of optical band gap with doping is well described by Burstein–Moss effect. References [1] N Choudhury and B K Sarma, Bull. Matter. Sci. 32, 43 (2000) [2] E Burstein, Phys. Rev. 93, 632 (1954). [3] T S Moss, Proc. Phys. Soc. London B67, 775 (1954). [4] B E Sernelius, K F Berggren, Z C Jin, I Hamberg and C Granqvist, Phys. Rev. B37, 10244 (19 88). [5] R Cebulla, R Wendt and K Ellmer, J. Appl. Phys. 83, 1087 (1998). [6] B C Mohanty, Y H Jo, D H Yeon, I J Choi and Y S Cho, Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 62103 (2009). [7] S Gota, J R R Barrado, M Sanchez, N T Barrett, J Avila and M Sacchi, Appl. Phys. Lett. 86,042104 (2005). [8] W Tang and D C Cameron, Thin Solid Films 238, 83 326 (1994). [9] Gà ¶pel, W. and U. Lampe, Influence of defects on the electronic structure of zinc oxide surfaces. Physical Review B, 22(12): 1980p. 6447. [10] Minami, T., H. Nanto, and S. Takata, Highly Conductive and Transparent Aluminum Doped Zinc Oxide Thin Films Prepared by RF Magnetron Sputtering. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 23(Part 2, No. 1): p. L280. [11] Igasaki, Y. and H. Saito, The effects of deposition rate on the structural and electrical Properties of ZnO: Al films deposited on (112à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ bar 0) oriented sapphire substrates. Journal of Applied Physics, 1991. 70(7): p. 3613à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 3619. [12] Minami, T., et al.., Group III Impurity Doped Zinc Oxide Thin Films Prepared by RF Magnetron Sputtering. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 24(Part 2, No. 10): p. L781. [13] Kim, H., et al.., Effect of aluminum doping on zinc oxide thin films grown by pulsed laser Deposition for organic lightà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ emitting devices. Thin Solid Films, 2000. 377à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 378: p. 798à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 802. [14] Kim, H., et al.., Indium tin oxide thin films for organic lightà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ emitting devices. Applied Physics Letters, 1999. 74(23): p. 3444à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 3446. [15] Kim, H., et al.., Electrical, optical, and structural properties of indiumà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ tinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ oxide thin films for organic lightà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ emitting devices. Journal of Applied Physics, 1999. 86(11): p. 6451à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 6461. [16] Kim, H., et al.., Electrical and optical properties of indium tin oxide thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition. Applied Physics A: Materials Science Processing, 1999. 69(7). [17] Y E Lee, Y J Kim and H J Kim, J. Mater. Res. 13, 1260 (1998) [18] W.T. Yen, Y.C. Lin, P.C. Yao, J.H. Ke, Y.L. Chen, Thin Solid Films 518 (2010) 3882. [19] T. Minami, H. Nanto, S. Takata, Jpn. J. Appl. Sci. 23 (1984) L280. [20] D.R. Sahu, S.Y. Lin, J.L. Huang, Appl. Surf. Sci. 253 (2007) 4886. [21] H. Kim, A. Pique, J.S. Horwitz, H. Murata, Z.H. Kafafi, C.M. Gilmore, D.B. Chrisey, Thin Solid Films 377–378 (2009) 798. [22] M.A. Kaid, A. Ashour, Appl. Surf. 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Social Institutions of the World State within Brave New World :: essays research papers

„ « Family In the totalitarian society of Brave New World, the development of human beings is completely controlled by the World State. Each person is raised in a hatchery, where the government controls every stage of their development until maturity, a process that takes Two-hundred and sixty-seven days. The embryos ¡Ã‚ ¦ DNA is controlled chemically to stimulate or to retard their physical and mental growth to create a biological class structure. The human ¡Ã‚ ¦s placement into a certain class, such as Alpha, Beta, etc., depends on their level of physical and mental  ¡Ã‚ §perfection. ¡Ã‚ ¨ The very notion of human reproduction without genetic purity (regular human birth) is viewed as dirty and illegal. The hatcheries, including the use of hypnopaedia to teach and build  ¡Ã‚ §values, ¡Ã‚ ¨ have done away with the traditional nuclear family. The strict biological class structure, which influences the behavior and intellect of the humans within those classes, and psychological messages that are broadcast continually, replace the same process done by the parents of children of centuries past with a system of development that is faster and more efficient. Hypnopaedia also instills the people of the state with the knowledge of the different classes in the world and why it is best to be in the class you are in, guaranteeing that the masses comply with the situation they are placed in. Thinking as a whole class, rather than as individuals, eliminates overachieving and striving to better their lives so the State can better control the populace. Because of the birthing system and views towards biological reproduction, marriage is not practiced. Since everyone  ¡Ã‚ §belongs ¡Ã‚ ¨ to everyone else within a class, sexual coupling is encouraged without fear of commitment to any one individual, and it even helps the society prosper according to the World State. „ « Education The entire educational process is provided by the World State during the period where human beings are developing within the hatcheries. This is mostly performed through Hypnopaedia,  ¡Ã‚ §sleep-learning. ¡Ã‚ ¨ By repeating phrases over and over while the children sleep, the State can condition each person to accept his role in the world around him and to behave in what is deemed as "safe." Other forms of education include sessions that are much like behavioral training of laboratory animals. For example, the dislike of roses and books is enforced through electric shock while they are still babies. Even sexual promiscuity is regular education for humans as soon as they reach puberty.

EcoRes is an independent project designed to reach the goal of energy saving in student accommodation sectors

The object of Eco-Res project is to achieve a goal of energy saving in five years by taking technology measures in student accommodation. This technology management report will give a roadmap of where the future of Eco-Res project lie. The following parts will be included in this report: †¢ Current technology solutions in the energy saving area. †¢ How to make changes happen? The key drivers in the change management. †¢ What factors might stop in the process of Eco-Res project. †¢ Different types of changes and how to achieve them. †¢ The main risks might exist in Eco-Res project. †¢ Some strategy recommendations and other related information. Overview of technology roadmap for the next 5 years Currently, the energy usage in University mainly depend on the traditional energy source. For next 5 years, these goals should be achieved: †¢ Reduce energy consumption by students and staff living on campus by 30% over the next five years. †¢ Make additional savings greater than investment to develop further environmental activities over time. 1. Technology solution indicating leader or technology follower Eco-Res is an independent project designed to reach the goal of energy saving in student accommodation sectors. Technology solutions applied in Eco-Res project should enable students and staff who reside on campus to monitor and reduce their residential usage. In order to achieve the target of energy saving, some renewable energy technology should be used in Eco-Res project. Considerable technology solutions are listed below. Solar photovoltaic technology converts solar radiation into electricity, and in this way, solar photovoltaic system can produce energy for daily life usage. Solar thermal technology mainly collect the heat from the Sun by solar collectors, and transfer heat by hot water. Solar power is a kind of green energy which can be installed easily and widely in student accommodation. Wind power can be utilized by wind turbine. A wind turbine plays a role of converting wind energy into mechanical energy. Different type of wind turbine can be used according to different circumstances. Another technology solution is LED installation. By installing LED lights, a large amount of energy bills can be saved. Cycle by cycle laundry equipment could also be considered as a technology solution. Biomass is another technology solution can be considered. Biomass can either be used directed or convert into other energy forms. Garbage, wood, waste, landfill gases and alcohol fuels are the main resources of biomass. 1. Type of change management required – key drivers This section will summarize the most important drivers of change management. In Eco-Res project, the main change management drivers lie in strategic change, technology change, change forces and human resource. Figure Nature of change (Balogun and Hope Hailey,1999) This picture shows the type of change model. From the aspect of Eco-Res project, the main drivers of this technology change are increasing desire of energy (Incremental) and low energy efficiency (Transformation), therefore, Eco-Res project is an evolution. Staffordshire University, adapted from Balogun and Hope Hailey,1999, Exploring Strategic Change, Prentice Hall. C:UserssdzhangweiDesktopQQà ¦Ã‚ ªÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾20141228200251.png Source: adapted from Johnson & Scholes, 1999, Exploring Corporate Strategy, p.511 From the change style model produced by Johnson & Scholes (1999), the Eco-Res needs transformational change, therefore, the direction style strategic should be applied to the project. The key driver to this change management is the â€Å"use of authority to set direction and means of change†. Morgen Witzel (2003). Fifty key figures in management. Routledge, 2003. ISBN 0-415-36977-0p.96. In technology change, it will be very necessary to respond to change according to Mousetrap Theory. According to the functional theory of Henri Fayol (Morgen Witzel, 2003), in technology change management, there were planning, organizing, commanding, co-ordinating and controlling. In technology management today, there should also have forecasting. By applying the functional theory to Eco-Res project, the key drivers can be summarized as follow: †¢ Make a complete project plan for recommended technology solutions in Eco-Res project. †¢ Appropriate organization of Eco-Res project. †¢ Make a Gantt chart of Eco-Res project to command it. †¢ Arrange different specialized people on different role in Eco-Res project. †¢ By setting up milestones in the project plan to control the process. †¢ Get to know the future of the technology solutions applied in Eco-Res project. 1958 – J. March & H Simon organisations (New York, John Wiles & Sons, 1958) From the respect of internal pressures, Eco-Res project need to fulfil the requirements of energy saving raised up by stakeholders. From the respect of external pressures, more and more benefits of renewable energy appeared recent years. For example, government supports and marketing benefits. Market pull and technology push like renewable technology becoming more important in energy market and more and more renewable energy can be realized in daily life are the promotion elements of Eco-Res project. From the perspective of human resource in managing change, different role plays different part in the change management. First of all, as the change agent in Eco-Res project, this entity should made a long-term strategic plan for this project. As the strategic leadership in Eco-Res project, this role should ensure every process of the project going well to achieve the goal of energy saving. As middle managers, these people contribute to Eco-Res project as gate players. The middle managers should convey the view from the top manager and reflect the feedbacks from the lower managers, and they also control the implementation of Eco-Res project. 3. Resistance to change Common reasons for resistance Topic Reasoning Self-interest For students themselves, Eco-Res project do not provide direct benefits. Disagreement Do not trust Eco-Res project can achieve the goal of energy saving. On the other hand, students may think too much time and money will be spent on this project. Remuneration Through the period of Eco-Res project, the reward of work may change, but because of the contract, the remuneration will not change, therefore, staff involved in this project may not satisfied with this. Fear New technology may exist some risks during installation and usage. Misunderstanding The target of Eco-Res project may not be expressed clearly. Habit Students and staff live on campus may like to stick to traditional habit, and refuse to involve in Eco-Res project. Culture People from different cultural background may have different view of energy saving. Indifference Not all students and staff concern about environmental problem. Forcefield Analysis (Lewin, 1951) Organizational resistance Topic Reasoning Existing Structure Hierarchical and flattened relationship as an existing structure may make things more difficult in new technology management. Power Bases Specific power bases are necessary like budget controls, autocratic or not and stakeholder mapping. Culture Different ways of dealing with different technology management. Planning Technology roadmap including mission, vision, forecast, firefighting, reactive, resources and rewards made specifically for Eco-Res project is necessary. Training Staff involved in Eco-Res project should be trained before the start point. Resources Human resources and material resources should be considered properly. Incentives Too much or too little incentives will be the resistance element in Eco-Res project. Proper incentives can inspire staff work harder. History There were some energy saving project before Eco-Res project, and there also exists some traditional solutions may affect the innovation in Eco-Res project. Cultural Web (Johnson et al, 2005) Lewin K. (1951) ‘Field Theory in Social Science', Harper and Row, New York. 4. Hard and/or Soft system changes In hard system changes, there are different technology solutions and installation of the renewable energy equipment. In soft system changes, the main point is cultural change of the organization. From the culture web of organization (Johnson et al, 2005) Johnson, G., Scholes, K. and Whittington, R. (2005) ‘Exploring Corporate Strategy’, Prentice-Hall,Harlow. C:UserssdzhangweiDesktopQQà ¦Ã‚ ªÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾20141230043225.png 5. Major risks or downsides for the initiative Risk spreadsheet Risk likelihood impact Mitigation options Wrong estimation of the process duration medium large Keep working on the wrong estimation process and get another independent process begin at the same time. Underproduction of the energy saving project’s task medium large Increase duration of the task and rearrange the project process arrangement. Cost overspend (variable components prices) large large Look for other investors and build cooperation, or negotiate more investment from existed investors. Decrease of government subsidization medium small Increase the efficient of the energy saving project to save cost. Equipment failure in usage medium Medium-large Establish maintenance team and fix the equipment immediately. Variables of weather Medium large Backup the electricity usage by using existing grid to power up. Failure of installation of facilities Reference Market strategy for Eco-Res solution Executive Summary This report proposed a market strategy to promote and encourage use of the Eco-Res solution by University students living on campus. 1. Market research The purposes of Eco-Res project market research are identified as: †¢ Get to know the attitudes of students and staff on campus towards Eco-Res project. †¢ Determine promising students and target markets (on campus) for Eco-Res project. †¢ Help make market segmentation by doing a survey about how students behave to achieve energy saving. †¢ Recommend a most acceptable renewable energy technology from the market research, and also investigate an acceptable cost for Eco-Res project. Both Internet-based and mail-based surveys were implemented to assess the awareness and attitudes of students and staff on campus towards emerging renewable technologies. And the methodology of the Eco-Res market research is: †¢ Aim at students and staff live on campus. †¢ Developmentally market researches should be designed to determine the target market more accurately. The overall key findings of the present market researches are: †¢ Most students and staff who participated in the market researches are quite concerned with energy saving, and they think more improvement of energy saving should be made in the University of York. †¢ Solar PV is the most acceptable technology in energy saving area. †¢ As for daily life behaviour, most students and staff have more or less energy saving habits. The gaps of present market researches are: †¢ The most questions in the questionnaires are about the general awareness of energy saving, further investment about Eco-Res project should be done. †¢ Researches about personal and general information about students should be done to get to know the customers of Eco-Res project better. 1. Motivation theory To make students and staff living on campus get involved in Eco-Res project, some motivation theories should be applied to increase the amount of participation. Maslow – Hierarchy of Needs A combination of Maslow-Hierarchy of Needs model and Self-Efficacy theory could be applied to Eco-Res project, specifically, the esteem and actualization part could be combined with the Self-Efficacy theory. Eco-Res project fulfil the requirement of energy, therefore, the physical stage has been achieved. The energy usage in daily life can be guaranteed in Eco-Res project. Safety as a basic requirement in energy usage can also be a fundamental assurance. In the aspect of Love/Belonging, an association of Eco-Res project can be established to make students aware of their contribution to school energy saving. By involving in this visible association, a feeling of belonging is growing, and Eco-Res project will not just a school project. The combination part is the most import part in motivating students and staff. In order to let students feel respected, every student involved in Eco-Res project should be connected by email and text, and special services for membership should be established. Different school events like renewable energy introduction and practice of installing renewable energy equipment should be held. By these kind experiences, students on campus will get the meaning of Eco-Res project. Elective courses can be set up to coach students in behaviours of energy saving in daily life and also introduce the value of Eco-Res project. At the same time, speeches about energy saving or some green topic speech competition can be held in order to increase the concern of energy saving between students. Bandura – Self-Efficacy Theory Ajzen – Theory of Planned Behaviour (Ajzen, 1985) From the model of Planed Behaviour theory, it can be proven that a complete plan of Eco-Res project is very important. By providing a specific progress to students on campus, the feeling of everything is under control can be established. c. Market segmentation Marketing is the heart of a successful technology project like Eco-Res project. In order to convey the information efficiently and effectively, a considerable way is based on marketing segmentation. Market segmentation is defined as â€Å"dividing a market into distinct groups of buyers who have distinct needs, characteristics, or behaviour and who might require separate products or marketing mixes† (Armstrong. G. and Kotler. P. 2005). There are many different ways to divide market, and the Determinants of Consumer Behaviour model (Kotler and Armstrong, 2008) could be referenced for market segmentation. From the perspective of behavioural segmentation, a survey about Eco-Res project produced by Rachel Bate showed that most students and staff on campus have the habit of saving energy. The Defra research (James Murray, 2008) could be a reference for Eco-Res project marketing segmentation, and the Defra research produced a great method of dividing behavioural segmentation. However, different level of concern lead to different frequency of behaviour. The types of consumer behaviour (Doyle and Stern, 2006) showed the theory support of behavioural segmentation. Therefore, the target group in behavioural segmentation first comes to students and staff who have very good energy saving habits. Students and staff who are not concerned about energy saving could be the emphasis of promotion. C:UserssdzhangweiDesktopmotivation.png Types of Consumer Behavior (Doyle and Stern, 2006) Students and staff from different economic circumstances could also be a way of segmentation. People from low-income household may value more about energy saving, since Eco-Res project could bring a great saving of energy bills. However, in Eco-Res project, there may exist cost to get involved in this project. Students and staff from higher income family also have a tendency to join Eco-Res project considering the cost and benefit from this project. Therefore, an appropriate cost for Eco-Res project and an announcement of the money could be saved from this project are required. In the aspect of demographic segmentation, students and staff may have different view of Eco-Res project because of different age, occupations and educational levels. A market research from group 6 showed that people who have higher educational levels concern more about energy saving. A deeper market research should be made to show how age and occupations affect people’s tendency to take part in Eco-Res project. This research could also include survey about students from different countries and different colleges. In this way, the demographic segmentation could combine with geographic segmentation. For example, if the market research shows that both postgraduate students and students from other countries concern a lot about energy saving, then the Wentworth College could become a target market. d. The marketing mix The 4 Ps Marketing Mix (McCarthy, 1960) comprises: Product, Price, Place, and Promotion. The classic elements offer a useful matrix to assess Eco-Res project. Eco-Res initiatives should address each of the 4Ps. While Eco-Res project do not control the technology and installation, the success of this project is only linked to the success of getting students and staff involving into this project. The most important goal of this marketing strategy is building a strong customer base for renewable energy technology usage in their dormitories. The 4Ps of Eco-Res project are defined as below. For marketing purposes, Eco-Res project can evaluate the product from the perspective of consumers’ rational and emotional attitudes towards energy saving. These attitudes affect the desire to get involved in this project. The brand name is Eco-Res, and the value of this project is to save energy and develop more environmental friendly projects. In Ansoff Matrix model, Eco-Res project in the University of York belongs to product development. In product development, Eco-Res project should develop plans to fulfil the target market segments. In order to build a sustaining Picture Ansoff Matrix (Ansoff, 1957) brand for Eco-Res project, the value of energy saving in this project should be showed to appeal the target students and staff who are interested in energy saving in the behavioural segmentation. In order to express Eco-Res project better, a logo was designed as follow. C:UserssdzhangweiDesktoplogo.png Picture logo Price is one of the biggest barriers to growing the energy saving marketing, and Eco-Res project should be addressed to help overcome customer price concerns. Eco-Res project has a merit of saving the energy bills for students and school, which could make accommodation fee per week cheaper compared with non-Eco-Res buildings. Different prices should be developed to appeal to students and staff in different economic circumstances. For example, customers can choose the LED installation plan only or both LED installation plan and solar PV installation plan. Different choices come with different prices, and a list of cost and maintenance fee should be produced. Place should be considered through the building of a strong supplier network. This supplier network should ensure students can easily find different part of Eco-Res project. In other words, this project should be visible. In place strategy, Eco-Res project can use website, referral systems and fixed places in target colleges. An Eco-Res project website should be established to help students and staff on campus know the Eco-Res solution better. A general introduction about Eco-Res, the benefits of Eco-Res and the way to get involved in Eco-Res should be showed on the website. Another way of place strategy is by email. In target colleges which showed large interest in Eco-Res project from market research, messages about Eco-Res should be emailed to the students and staff in these colleges. Referral and information desks should also be set in these targeted colleges. Promotion behaviour of Eco-Res project should be presented to ensure the right messages are conveyed. Exhibitions about Eco-Res project can be held in these targeted colleges, and at the same time, direct advertising by post or door-drop could be down. Social media (like Twitter and Facebook etc.) promotion between students and staff is also necessary. On school journals in University of York, the accurate target and value of Eco-Res project should be introduced.

Funny Valentines Day Sayings to Woo Your Beloved

Tickle your honeys funny bone with these funny Valentines Day sayings. Its been said that sharing a sense of humor is one of the marks of a strong and satisfying relationship. So go ahead -- dispense with the mushy stuff this V-Day and have some rollicking good laughs instead. Funny Valentines Day Quotes Ingrid BergmanA kiss is a lovely trick designed by nature to stop speech when words become superfluous. Helen RowlandBetween lovers, a little confession is a dangerous thing. Author UnknownI dont understand why Cupid was chosen to represent Valentines Day. When I think about romance, the last thing on my mind is a short, chubby toddler coming at me with a weapon. LinusI love making friends. It’s people I can’t stand. Barbara BushI married the first man I ever kissed. When I tell my children that, they just about throw up. Dorothy ParkerI require three things in a man. He must be handsome, ruthless and stupid. Hilaire BellocI’m tired of love; I’m still more tired of rhyme, but money gives me pleasure all the time. Groucho MarxInstead of getting married again, Im going to find a woman I dont like and give her a house. Fred AllenIt is probably not love that makes the world go around, but rather those mutually supportive alliances through which partners recognize their dependence on each other for the achievement of shared and private goals. Lynda BarryLove is an exploding cigar we willingly smoke. Pauline ThomasonLove is blind. Marriage is the eye-opener. Judith ViorstLove is much nicer to be in than an automobile accident, a tight girdle, a higher tax bracket or a holding pattern over Philadelphia. Julius GordonLove is not blind; it sees more, not less. But because it sees more, it is willing to see less. Basta Man loves little and often. Woman much and rarely. Judith Viorst One advantage of marriage, it seems to me, is that when you fall out of love with him, or he falls out of love with you, it keeps you together until maybe you fall in again. Albert EllisThe art of love is largely the art of persistence. Mort SahlThe bravest thing that men do is love women. George Bernard ShawThe perfect love affair is one which is conducted entirely by post. John Kenneth GalbraithThere’s a certain part of the contented majority who love anybody who is worth a billion dollars. Brendan FrancisA man is already halfway in love with any woman who listens to him. Author UnknownIf love is blind, why is lingerie so popular? Henry KissingerNobody will ever win the battle of the sexes. Theres too much fraternizing with the enemy. Erich SegalTrue love comes quietly, without banners or flashing lights. If you hear bells, get your ears checked.

The Crucible Play Review An Overall Look And Detailed

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Most of the audience was dressed more casually, no one was super formal and because of the nature of the play being near Halloween, there were a few costumes that were being worn to the event. â€Å"The Crucible† was written during the time of the Cold War. America was not only fighting a silent war with Russia, but an internal one with itself. There was a large scare of finding communists on American soil, and it scared the US population. â€Å"The Crucible† is an account of the Salem Witch Trials, which was a scare in the early years of America in search of witches. 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Life Is The Riskiest Period For The Neonates Essay

The first week of life is the riskiest period for the neonates. We have found that individual, maternal, intrapartum, household and socioeconomic factors simultaneously influence neonatal mortality. A higher risk of neonatal deaths have been observed among males, multiple gestations, lower gestational age, first born child, higher maternal age, with a history of antenatal or delivery complications, low education level of the mother and poorest household wealth quintile. We have reconfirmed the significance of these known risk factors for neonatal mortality. Among the children who died in the neonatal period, the first day of life was the date of death for nearly one-third of the newborns, more than half of them died within the first two days, and more than three-fourths of the newborns died before completing the first week. First 24 hour period of life is the riskiest period for the neonates of most developing countries and the most critical period for the planning of any child survival program20. Nearly one-fifth of the babies were preterm, similar to a finding of another study from the same site 21. Preterm babies had a higher risk of neonatal mortality; preterm babies could be the proxy for low birth weight (LBW) babies, which predisposes them to have an increased risk of infections, hypoglycemia, and hypothermia 22. Globally, prematurity is one of the leading causes of neonatal deaths 23, 24. Prevention and management of prematurity are crucial to reducing

Why Islam Spread so Quickly free essay sample

Islam spread so successfully because the Byzantine and Persian empires were weak and tired, so this made it easier for Muslims to conquer them. From Arabia, Islam spread northwards towards Persia and Baghdad in 640AD. In the east they overpowered Samarkand in 676AD and the Borders of India in 707AD. Towards the west Islam expanded into Morocco and Spain in 708AD. Simple but effective military tactics helped spread Islam because they were easy and not too complicated for the Muslims to carry out but hard for the enemy to defend. The Muslims tactics were to charge the enemy and cast a shower of javelins. They would repeat this until the enemy showed signs of breaking and then started hand to hand combat. They were usually outnumbered and the superiority of their enemies should have been overwhelming however, it wasnt and the Muslims rarely lost. Other religions (Jews, Christians and Pagons) being attracted to Islam would help the Islamic faith to expand more quickly because people were more willing to accept it. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Islam Spread so Quickly or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They were willing to accept the new faith because they hated their rulers and wanted a change from high taxes and religious persecution. The neighboring Byzantine and Persian empires were weak is a main point because the Muslims could defeat them more easily, as they had been fighting each other for a long time and by the time they faced the Muslims both empires were exhausted by war. Berbers’ who were a North African tribe became Muslims helped to strengthen the Muslim’s army and as the tribe was a fierce fighting tribe it would scare and frighten opponents away, thus making it easier for Islam to spread. In my opinion the most important factor of Islam’s expansion was that other religions were attracted to follow Islam. Many people whose countries had been taken over by Byzantine and Persian empires hated their rulers and welcomed the Muslim invaders for freeing them. Islam gave them knowledge and education; as Islam was the newest and most superior faith aroun d at the time.